For easier injections, grab some of that skin to make a skin tent.. Veterinary Clinical Skills Compendium Copyright by Susan Spence. ALWAYS look it up! 2020 AAHA Anesthesia and Monitoring Guidelines for Dogs and Cats* United States Patent (10) Patent No. All Rights Reserved. California Vet Supply can provide you with more than just the advice in this article. If you are unsure that your pet received the full amount of the injection, contact your veterinary hospital for instructions. Click here to download and print this table. SOP: INJECTIONS IN DOGS AND CATS I. Before filling the syringe with the approved amount of medication, fill it with an equivalent amount of air. If blood does flow back, a different injection site should be chosen. Is this medication too viscus to be given by this route-can it be diluted? 0000002320 00000 n Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome (AHDS or HGE) Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) Adrenal Tumor Treatment in Cushing's Syndrome. The injection is given to a tented area on the pets shoulder, which is the least sensitive area. With that in mind, pick the smallest needle you can get that is capable of holding that much volume. Introduction to Clinical Skills and Tidy Up Time. To make things easier for you, try distracting your dog with a tasty treat, which he or she can eat while youre injecting the vaccine. Intramuscular Injections for Dogs and Cats Drugs given into muscles are absorbed very quickly because there is a good blood supply . You can do this by feeling along the injection site, as well as along the belly below the site of injection, as fluids tend to pool along the cat's underside. IM injections can be much more painful than subcutaneous injections, so proper technique is key to minimizing pain. This is because intramuscular tissue is rich with blood and the medication absorbs more rapidly this way. The best place to inject is half-way up the neck, in front of the shoulder. IM injections for canines are generally performed in the thigh muscles on the front of the rear limb or the hamstring muscles on the backside of the rear leg. Suturing model made from socks and T-shirt, 20. The needle may bend, but it is much more likely that the injection may end up outside the pet rather than inside when dealing with a wiggly pet. However, with the right knowledge, anyone can learn how to do this effectively and painlessly. Some medications, such as insulin, require a subcutaneous injection meaning the needle only needs to pierce the skin. This may happen when you are learning to give injections, especially when using the very fine ultra-sharp needles used for insulin administration. When ready to inject, ensure the syringe is fully pushed into the needle hub to stop the syringe and injection Most medications are given subcutaneously. Your email address will not be published. It is a worldwide problem that presents primarily as an acute respiratory read more. Posted by CalVetSupply.com on 9/6/2019 to, Free Standard Shipping on orders over $49, Newborn, Orphaned and Critically Ill Animal Support, IV sets, gloves, instruments, and other misc. Essential (or core) vaccines should be given to all animals of a species, and veterinarians should ensure that immunity is maintained throughout an animal's life by appropriate revaccination. Feline Ovariohysterectomy Student Study Guide, Assessment Rubric and DETAILED STEPS, 28. Canine & Feline IM Injections All Rights Reserved. The other injection routes mentioned above are mainly used in hospitalized animals and are given by those professionally trained to do so. Copyright var date = new Date(); document.write(date.getFullYear()); California Veterinary Supply. By You should swab the area with an alcohol pad. Injection into muscle is not without some risk since there are many important structurese.g. 39 kilogram is equal to 85.98028218 pounds. Owners can easily be taught to give injections in this way, e.g. 0000033224 00000 n This is despite Alfaxan Multidose not currently being licenced in the UK for intramuscular (IM) use. /68,sPeahX CmWG\ "}6\F2Of" Get the right information from your vet, then get the right care products for your pet. 213 2422 20, Subcutaneous ('under the skin') injection. 1. Shaved or clipped areas on the cats leg usually show where an intravenous injection has been given. . After your dog is positioned, insert the needle. This approach is known as a prime-boost strategy. This approach is excellent for relatively small numbers of animals and for diseases in which systemic immunity is important. Note that any lasting harm is very unlikely indeed. The dosage is 2 mg/lb, or 0.02 mL/lb, which equates to 1 mL for every 50 lb of body weight. The immune system has evolved to respond to complex organisms and multiple simultaneous challenges. b. Injections can be made via intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), or intravenous (IV) routes. 0000003707 00000 n For example, intranasal vaccines protect: cattle against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. The most common method of vaccine administration is by SC or IM injection. However, you should follow your veterinarians directions and ensure that youve cleaned the needle and site before the injection. Ideally, have someone assist you while you give the injection, especially for your first few treatments. A positive action for insertion of needles into muscles reduces muscle damage and pain and massaging the site after injection disperses the injection and may help to reduce pain. The used needles and syringes should then be carefully stored in a sealed container or sharps box and returned to the veterinary practice for safe disposal. 0000030652 00000 n This article will answer your questions about IM administration in dogs. endstream endobj 6 0 obj <>]/Pages 1 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 7 0 obj <. What are the contraindications for this medication? How to Learn Motor Skills-Helpful Hints, 3. You should consult your veterinarian before administering an injection, as the depth and needle length will differ from animal to animal. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Massage the injection site gently for a few seconds to encourage the material to dissipate. Before injecting your pet with medication, youll want to clean the injection site and the bottle well. Regardless of where the spot lies, you may not want to get too comfortable with using the same spot for every injection. Female Dog Urethral Catheterization- Using Vaginal Speculum, 16. Already have a myVCA account? The absorption rate is slow because blood vessels are not richly in this area. If you have a nervous dog, enlist the assistance of another person or call the veterinary clinic to get instructions on restraining the dog. Alternatively, IMs can be given in the hamstring muscle on the backside of the leg. Risks and complications Intramuscular injections may also cause an abscess or gangrene at the injection site, depending on the specific medication and amount administered. Make sure you read the release form that youll receive from the vet so that you can be sure the shot is safe. the abdominal cavity (known as intraperitoneal injection) or thoracic cavity (known as intrapleural injection), the quadriceps (muscle on the front of the thigh), lumbodorsal muscles (muscles either side of the lumbar spine). Canine & Feline IM Injections Because the precise time of loss of maternal immunity cannot be predicted, young animals must usually be vaccinated multiple times to ensure successful immunization, and appropriate biosecurity measures should be used until immunity develops. This concern is unfounded. 0000009951 00000 n Conclusion. When giving insulin to a dog, its important to remember that its important to insert the needle in the back of the neck, scruff region. Several sites can be used to inject into the muscle. 0000006144 00000 n The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more , parainfluenza 3 virus Parainfluenza-3 Virus Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. Reporting Animal Cruelty: The Role of the Veterinarian Manual (MN-Animal Folks), 26. Single-use, disposable needles ensure that the needle tip is very sharp to minimize pain. The veterinarians instructions or the label on the container will tell you the volume of medication that needs to be injected. Click to reveal After that, release the pinched skin. Cystocentesis Practice Model and FNA Model, 19. for kennel cough in dogs, are given into the nose and the live virus is able to penetrate the lining of the nose. Volumes of injection should not be more than 2ml in cats. Subcutaneous injections are given in the neck half way up, over the ribs and well behind the shoulder. 0000033570 00000 n With most pets, the best subcutaneous injection sites are located behind the neck and shoulder blades. What are the benefits of giving your dog an IM? The interval between vaccine doses depends on an animal's immunologic memory. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. Fish and shrimp may be vaccinated by immersion in a solution of antigen, which is absorbed through their skin and gills. and what is it compatible with. If the dog experiences any pain during or after the injection, you may want to massage the area to relieve the discomfort. 0000028458 00000 n Injectable medications can be given intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. . Massaging the area prior to the injection helps disperse the medication and minimizes pain. You should use a clean, straight movement when inserting the needle, and never push too deep. Online Shop Software powered by 3DCart. 0000004353 00000 n However, IMs are typically given in the thigh muscles located on the front of the rear leg. The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more, cats against feline rhinotracheitis and calicivirus Feline Respiratory Disease Complex Feline respiratory disease complex is typically manifested by clinical signs of the eyes, nose, and mouth ( rhinosinusitis, sneezing, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations read more infections, poultry against infectious bronchitis Infectious Bronchitis in Poultry Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. Certain proteins and other molecules of these invaders are known read more . 5 0 obj <> endobj The other main means of administering treatment is via the mouth and digestive system the oral route. Always ask your vet for more help if you're not comfortable administering injections and they will be happy to provide more training. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Most pet owners find that their pet becomes cooperative for these life-sustaining injections over time. Owners are not often called upon to give intramuscular injections but they may be asked to hold their pet while it receives one. Drinking water vaccines are increasingly employed in large swine operations. Next, pinch a section of skin that is approximately one to two inches in diameter. Dog and cat Fitting a Muzzle (PDF, 959kB) Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling (PDF, 614kB) Using a Slip Lead (PDF, 1,060kB) Making a Skin Tent for a Subcutaneous Injection (PDF, 703kB) Administering Subcutaneous Injections (PDF, 628kB) Canine Prostate Examination (PDF, 788kB) Lifting and Restraining a Dog (PDF, 1,264kB) VIEWS. Dispose of the needle and syringe into a properly labeled needle disposal container. These intramuscular injections are usually on the neck, chest, glute, or hind leg, though it may differ depending on the animal, there are fewer pain receptors is muscle tissues making it an ideal site for more irritating or viscous medications. 0000006940 00000 n Putting Skills Together as it Matters in Clinical Practice, 5. Adequan is given via intramuscular injection (IM) only - meaning that it should be injected into the muscle, not under the skin. Owners should be made aware that protection can be maintained reliably only when vaccines are used in accordance with the protocol approved by vaccine licensing authorities. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. What should I do? In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Even killed viral vaccines may protect some animals against disease for many years. Individual animal and vaccine variability make it difficult to estimate the duration of protective immunity. Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Ernest Ward, DVM, Contributors: Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Ernest Ward, DVM. Epaxial (lumbodorsal) muscles are on either side of the lumbar vertebrae. Allergic Conjunctivitis in Dogs and Cats. ixb#Fw&*mvcDS%;.&VYWT@_DEvYNx Before administering the shot, make sure your dog is still awake and comfortable. The most common method of vaccine administration is by SC or IM injection. Vaccines may differ significantly in their composition, and although all may induce immunity in the short term, it cannot be assumed that they confer equal long-term immunity. In this lab, we will examine the epaxial muscles as an IM injection site. Although it is not possible to devise precise schedules for each vaccine, certain principles are common to all methods of active immunization. Pinch some loose skin from the back of the neck or "scruff" region (between the shoulder blades) between your thumb and forefinger. Some clients find it easier to give the injection during mealtime, as it minimizes movement. If youre administering an intramuscular injection to your dog, the question you might be asking yourself is: Do you pinch the skin? . And how much pain can IMs cause? 0000031365 00000 n If possible, avoid using the same spot for each injection. 0000001301 00000 n Some drugs are specially formulated so that they are more slowly absorbed and can sit in the muscle, being absorbed gradually over many months and producing a long-acting effect (so called depot injections). Next: Local Anesthetic Intradermal Injections. FIG 3 Site of intramuscular injection FIG 4. The dose varies with the size of the animal patient, the severity of the condition under treatment, and the animal's response to therapy. 1. Open the Facebook app on your device and tap the menu button. Double Bowl Automatic Pet Bowl Feeder Cat Waterer, Pet Supplies Automatic Feeder Smart Dog Food Dispenser, Pet Automatic Timer Feeder Does Not Pinch Feet, Double Bowl Automatic Feeder Drinking Water Pet Supplies, Pet Automatic Feeder Cat Feeding And Drinking Water. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Signs include tremors, ataxia, and weakness that progresses to paralysis. xref Administration of medicine by injection is often referred to as giving drugs by the parenteral route. The vet may also be able to mimic the injection. Modified live vaccines, however, may induce a protective primary immune response and some immunologic memory. Putting Skills Together as it Matters in Clinical Practice, 5. Be extremely cautious while administering intramuscular injections because the sciatic nerve is located in the middle of the leg. x[r}WSjJpM]1SIIe"Zr)_srqYIT r=;w\6-+wtvswesUU6"9rrwSuEeYV>K& r+ Vs{ky-'|v?B^i^4E`)LU2mUYVL \T]X o [pig guinea] However, this may not be practical for all clients. Other vaccines may require boosting only once every 23 years. The recommended site for IM injections in dogs . Spraying of vaccines enables the vaccines to be inhaled by all the animals in a herd, group, or flockan obvious advantage when the unit is large. The most frequently used sites for IV injections in the dog are the cephalic and lateral saphenous veins. Its better to risk a short period of hypoglycemia than a prolonged period of hyperglycemia. As a result, testing an animals serum for antibodies may not enable differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Insulin Syringes Difference between U 100 and U 40 and Emergency Conversion Chart, 54. 209.59.143.216 SHARES. A positive action for insertion of needles into muscles reduces muscle damage and pain and massaging the site after injection disperses the injection and may help to reduce pain. Two of these conditions are: In many cases, dog owners are willing and able to administer these medications at home. There are also many other sites that work well, including the gluteal muscle. 2.3k. 0000012017 00000 n You should be aware that some communities have strict rules about disposal of medical waste material so do not throw the needle and syringe into the trash until you know if this is permissible. 4 0 obj in disney cream cheese pretzel recipe. Another benefit of intramuscular injections is that the needle is much easier to handle than subcutaneous injections. If youre giving your dog an intramuscular injection, make sure you massage the area before the injection. Can this medication be given to this species? Different formulations of injection are used for the different routes and it is particularly important not to administer an injection directly into the blood unless it is specifically recommended for this route. Local Anesthetic Intradermal Injections, 48. This approach is excellent for relatively small numbers of animals and for diseases in which systemic immunity is important. IM for intramuscular; SC or SQ for subcutaneous, and so on. Be sure to direct the needle away from the sciatic nerve to prevent nerve damage. The best sites include the quadriceps muscle, lumbar epaxial musculature, and hind leg. However, the use of nebulised drugs means that the patient must breathe air containing the drug. Good technique minimizes this but even so, many animals will react to the injection. In addition, the veterinarian can be sure an animal has received the appropriate dose of vaccine. 0000005714 00000 n Other medications will only work if administered into the muscles. Many therapeutic and diagnostic agents used in veterinary medicine must be injected parenterally in animals (fluids, biologics, medications, test agents). Most cats won't need this step unless they are suffering from a compromised immune system. The duration of immunity claimed by a vaccine manufacturer is the minimal duration supported by the data available at the time of approval. Your veterinary practice may be able to order large boxes of these for you, which is more economical than buying from a pharmacy, etc. The average intramuscular dose for dogs is 20 mg. Unfortunately, these techniques require handling each individual animal. This route is not suitable for administration of irritant medications as they may cause severe skin reaction and damage. 0000025191 00000 n Another good spot is over the ribs, well behind the shoulder. If stimulation of immunity is deemed necessary at this stage, the mother may be vaccinated during late pregnancy, timing the doses so that peak antibody levels are reached at the time of colostrum formation. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. You should also know what to do if the shot goes wrong. Injections are a common and important way we give medications to our patients. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The first step is to prepare the skin. Both natural infection and vaccination induce a protective immune response. The area may bleed a little bit. These vaccines can be administered during your dog's yearly exam. INTRAMUSCULAR USE OF ALFAXALONE IN CATS A PubMed search of "alfaxalone" and "intramuscular" produces over 200 hits with studies involving both cats and dogs, but also ranging from hedgehogs and ducks to bearded dragons and koalas. 0000013990 00000 n Optional vaccines may include canine coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, leptospirosis, and Lyme disease. This technique can also be used for subcutaneous injections, though penetration of a blood vessel is far less likely to occur here. Bladder Stones (Struvite) in Dogs Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats Bloat - The Mother of All Emergencies Bloat: First Aid Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats Bones are Unsafe for Your Dog, No Bones about It Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats Then thoroughly wash your finger with soap and water for 5 minutes, preferably using a soft nail brush on the affected area. You might end up accidentally giving your dog the drug and causing more damage. Within a group of animals, there may be a great difference between the shortest and longest duration of protection. The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more , and Mannheimia haemolytica. When administering an intramuscular injection to your dog, its essential to have a good technique. stream 44 0 obj <>stream This factsheet will only consider the intramuscular and subcutaneous routes as these are the techniques most likely to be encountered by cat owners. 0 IM injections should be given using a shorter needle than subcutaneous injections. If you are absolutely sure the cat received no drug, it is safe to repeat the injection. Some owners prefer not to wear gloves as they feel it is more awkward. 0000062989 00000 n How to Learn Motor Skills-Helpful Hints, 3. 5 40 Intramuscular injection to a cat. Be sure to look up medication in a veterinary drug formulary to double check indication, dose, side effects and contrary use indications as well as medication incompatibility, drug withholding time for food animals is absolutely vital as well as what drugs are forbidden to use in food animal species, as well as where to inject in food animal species so as not to disrupt or contaminate certain cuts of meat. If you inject the injection intramuscularly to the dog as veterinarians do, you need to draw an imaginary line from the elbow to the place that you chose to insert the needle. You might need to hold your pet still to avoid a mishap. A simple serologic assay such as ELISA will provide this differentiation and enable eradication to proceed in the presence of vaccination. The injections are given in the subcutaneous tissue (sub = under; cutaneous = skin), which is considerably looser in the dog than in the human. 0000019303 00000 n arteries, veins and nerves running through the muscle tissue. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Subcutaneous injections are administered at an angle of 45 degrees to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of subcutaneous tissue. intramuscular injection sites in dogs and cats. The injections are given in the subcutaneous tissue (sub = under; cutaneous = skin), which is considerably looser in the dog than in the human. Single surgeon 4 quarter/corner drape, large paper drape, Ioban adhesive skin protector, 30. Good technique minimizes this but even so, many animals will react to the injection. The cranial border of femur marks the most caudal aspect of the quadriceps muscle group. Having someone assist you will make the procedure easier. It was concluded that the best sites for injection in dogs are the lumbar epaxial musculature or the quadriceps femoris muscle when IM administration is imperative. Single surgeon 4 quarter/corner drape, large paper drape, Ioban adhesive skin protector, 30. Want to create or adapt books like this? 0000013654 00000 n To administer the injection, use a 0.5-inch-long needle. Adjustment with the touch. Dermatologic Lesion Documentation and Description, 51. Inactivated vaccines are not very effective in conferring protective immunity in the face of maternal antibodies. 0000013765 00000 n Here is some information on administering injections to animals. Syringe Handling 1 ml and Practice Technique Using 2 Pieces of Tape, 9. Do you ever wonder why doctors on TV point the syringe upward, tap it, and squirt a bit of its liquid contents? Clean techniques should always be used when administering injections. A significant difference likely exists between the minimal level of immunity required to protect most animals and the level of immunity required to ensure protection of all animals. ex) adult heart worm treatment in dogs-lumbar muscle, some vaccines in horses-neck or rear leg muscles, vaccines in cattle/pigs-neck muscles just distal to the ear. 0000029283 00000 n Most pets become accustomed to having the injection and will stay calm and still during the procedure. Massage will increase circulation and help the body heal itself. The needle is not inserted right, and sometimes we miss the spot entirely. Share on Facebook . Combinations usually involve priming with a DNA plasmid vaccine and boosting with either a vectored recombinant vaccine or with adjuvanted protein antigens. Effective administration of medicine is a key part of most veterinary treatments and many medications are most effective when given by injection. Neonatal animals are protected against disease caused by that specific pathogen while sufficient maternal antibodies are present. Once the needle has been inserted into the muscle, gentle suction should be applied to the syringe to ensure that blood does not flow back into the needle. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. How to Add or Remove Contacts from Kids Messenger Account ; Step #1. the triceps muscle (behind the humerus (arm bone) in the front leg). But the elbow should be on the opposite side of the selected paw (ie if we are kolm in the left thigh, the line is drawn from the right elbow). Several reasons may contribute to post-injection stiffness, including age, previous injuries, and overexertion. It is now common practice to rate vaccines according to their importance. https://instagram.com/mustafajabbarofficial?igshid=wdffyg3zyl62 https . You should then push the plunger down to administer the medication. The standard size needles to use for canine injections are 21 to 23-gauge needle, 1 to 1.5 inches long. If the injections are frequent, like for insulin shots, try not to use the same spot each time. Can this medication be given by this route? Nebulised drugs can be delivered via a face mask although many conscious patients will not tolerate a face mask, so a special nebulisation chamber is often required. 0000003028 00000 n Dog Restraint for Lateral Saphenous Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 17. Actinic (Solar) Dermatitis. Use gauze to stop the bleeding. The skin should be slightly loose at this area. Medicine. First cap the needle and syringe carefully and put it out of harms way. Hold the syringe firmly in your dominant hand in whichever way feels most comfortable for you. Dog Restraint For Cephalic Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 18. A veterinarian will use the most appropriate site for your dogs IM injection. Be sure not to place your hand or finger over the plunger of the needle in case your dog suddenly moves and pushes your hand, resulting in the contents being wasted or injected accidentally. Intramuscular IM Injection Sites for Dogs and Cats. Some tips for giving your dog an IM injection: -Locate the injection site. IMPORTANT: The authors, reviewers, and editors of the material in the 2020 AAHA Anesthesia and Monitoring Guidelines for Dogs and Cats have made extensive efforts to ensure that treatments, drugs, and dosage regimens are accurate and conform to the standards accepted at the time of publication . 0000014188 00000 n This practice can lead to soreness and can make your pet uncomfortable. You should be especially careful about choosing the right syringe size for intramuscular injections. Another important factor is the location of the injection. It is also less painful for the patient. As for intravenous injections, you usually need to leave those to the veterinarian. An alternative site and technique are suggested to ensure a more reliable effect when an intramuscular injection is indicated. Optional (or non-core) vaccines protect animals against sporadic, mild, or uncommon diseases and should only be used when circumstances warrant and when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks involved. Dry the skin and apply a bandage. If you have the choice, the SQ method is the safest and easiest way to give vaccines, but some vaccines can only be given intramuscularly. Withdraw the needle carefully. Contact your vet for advice. Log in 24/7 to access your pets health care information. Abbreviations are often used for injection routes, e.g. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Vaccine Failure and Other Adverse Events in Animals, Last review/revision Jul 2020 | Modified Nov 2022. These intramuscular injections are usually on the neck, chest, glute, or hind leg, though it may differ depending on the animal, there are fewer pain receptors is muscle tissues making it an ideal site for more irritating or viscous medications. Patient prep LAB- Clip, Scrub, Open Glove, Quarter Drape, 27. Make sure that the needle is sterile and is inserted into the muscle at an angle of about 45 degrees. INTRAMUSCULAR . vN4@ -u[bEj'D&dZ}_AXUA^lZhJ&$,kdw$`d1hO4P. Find multiple intramuscular or subcutaneous injection sites. Giving them intravenously can be risky and may cause a side effect. 0000030988 00000 n Subcuticular/Intradermal-within the skin, ex) local anesthetic drugs, TB testing. A dogs vaccines are usually administered using a subcutaneous injection. Fortunately, there are some ways to avoid these risks. It is important to note that modified live vaccines against viruses that cause abortion should not be used in pregnant animals, because the vaccine itself may cause abortion. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> However, there is no reason why different forms of a vaccine could not be used for priming and for boosting. Instead, choose multiple sites where your pet will not be bothered by the pain and discomfort.
intramuscular injection sites in dogs and cats
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