Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. "National Statistical Abstract. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Advanced Search Citation Search . The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. 27 May 2021. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. 1401 Constitution Ave NW [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Abstract and Figures. An estimated 85 percent of the . The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. <i>Results . [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Agriculture. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. fINTENSIVE FARMING. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. This site contains PDF documents. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. Brighter Green, 6. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production.
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